Medical References and Legal Citations ...

Ahronheim JC, Mulvihill M, Sieger C, Park P, Fries BE. State practice variations in the use of tube feeding for nursing home residents with severe cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001 Feb;49(2):148-52.

Ain S. Schiavo Case Creates Ethical Debate. Jewish bioethicists are split on feeding tube. The Jewish Week. 3/25/2005. click here

Alzheimer’s Association. About Alzheimer’s disease Statistics. Fact Sheet dated May 15, 2005. view pdf

Andrews K, Murphy L, Munday R, Littlewood C. BMJ. Misdiagnosis of the vegetative state: retrospective study in a rehabilitation unit. 1996 Jul 6; 313(7048):13-6.

Arehart-Treichel J. Terminally Ill Choose Fasting Over M.D.-Assisted Suicide. Psychiatriatry News. 2004; 39: 15-51.

Aronson SG, Kirby RW. Improving knowledge and communication through an advance directives objective structured clinical examination. J Palliat Med. 2002 Dec;5(6):916-9.

Asbury Park Press, The Associated Press. Schiavo Case Inspired. Lawmakers seek to inform couples on living wills. June 9, 2005 click here

Asch DA, Hansen-Flasen J, Laken PN. Decisions to limit or continue life-sustaining treatment by critical care physicians in the United States: conflicts between physicians' practices and patients' wishes. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Med. 1995; 151:288-92.

Baca-Garcia, Diaz-Sastre C, Basurte E, Prieto R, Ceverino A, Saiz-Ruiz J, de Leon J. A prospective study of the paradoxical relationship between impulsivity and lethality of suicide attempts. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 Jul;62(7):560-4.

Rabbi Yosef Gavriel Bechhofer. Jewish Ethical and Legal Sources on the Treatment of Terminally Ill Patients. click here (read on 5-24-05)

Becker CB. Buddhist Views of Suicide and Euthanasia. Philosophy East & West. 1990; 40(4).

Bernat JL, Gert B, Mogielnicki RP. Patient refusal of hydration and nutrition. An alternative to physician-assisted suicide or voluntary active euthanasia. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Dec 27;153(24):2723-8.

Borenstein v Simonson. 2005 NY Slip Op 25135.

Bouvia v. Superior Court, 179 Cal. App. 3d 1127, 225 Cal. Rptr. 297 (1986), review denied (Cal. June 5, 1986).

Bramstedt KA. Questioning the decision-making capacity of surrogates. Intern Med J. 2003 May-Jun;33(5-6):257-9.

Breitowitz Y. "The Right to Die: A Halachic Approach." 1997.

Brockman, B. Food refusal in prisoners: a communication or a method of self-killing? The role of the psychiatrist and resulting ethical challenges. Journal of Medical Ethics. 1999 Dec;25(6):451-6.

Buckley T, Crippen D, DeWitt AL, Fisher M, Liolios A, Scheetz CL, Whetstine LM. Ethics roundtable debate: withdrawal of tube feeding in a patient with persistent vegetative state where the patient’s wishes are unclear and there is family dissension. Crit Care. 2004 Apr;8(2):79-84. Epub 2004 Feb 6.

Childs, NL, Mercer W.N. Accuracy of diagnosis of persistent vegetative state. Neurology. 1993; 43:1465-7.21.

Clare AW. Psychological medicine. In Clinical Medicine, pp. 965-1000 [P Kumar and M Clark, editors]. London: WB Saunders. (1990)

Conservatorship of the Person of Robert Wendland, 28 P.3d 151 (Cal. 2001).

Coombs Lee B. Compassion in Dying. Stories of Dignity and Choice. Newsage Press. Toutdale, Or. 2003.

Coombs Lee B. “Perspectives on Comfort & Choice at the End of Life.” First Unitarian Universalist Church of San Diego. November 21, 2004.

Covinsky KE, Goldman L, Cook EF, Oye R, Desbiens N, Reding D, Fulkerson W, Conners, AF Jr, Lynn J, Phillips RS. 1994. The impact of serious illness on patients’ families. JAMA 272: 1939-1944.

Cranford, RE. Neurological Syndromes and Prolonged Survival: When can Artificial Nutrition and Hydration Be Foregone? Law, Medicine, and Health Care. 1991; 19:13-22.

Cruzan v. Dir., Mo. Dept of Health, 497 U.S. 261, 302 (1990).

Davis, LL, Keller, MH. At The Close Of Day, A Person Centered Guidebook on End-Of-Life Care. Gorham Printing: Rochester, Washington, 2004.

Descartes R. Discourse on Method for Reasoning Well and for Seeking Truth in the Sciences. 1637.

Ditto PH, Smucker WD, Danks JH, Jacobson JA, Houts RM, Fagerlin A, Coppola KM, Gready RM. Stability of older adults' preferences for life-sustaining medical treatment. Health Psychol. 2003 Nov;22(6):605-15.

Drayer RA, Schaler JA, Ganzini L, Goy E. Patients Who Refuse Food and Fluids to Hasten Death. New England Journal of Medicine. Oct 30 2003; 349:1777-1779.

Eagle, Julie Meisner. “Alzheimer’s: My Mom, Our Journey,” (video) 2002.

Eddy DM. A conversation with my mother. JAMA. 1994;272:179-81.

Elbaum v. Grace Plaza of Great Neck, Inc., 148 A.D. 2d 244, 544 N.Y.S.2d 840 (N.Y. App. Div. 1989).

Elgh E, Larsson A, Eriksson S, Nyberg L. Altered prefrontal brain activity in persons at risk for Alzheimer's disease: an fMRI study. Int Psychogeriatric. 2003 Jun;15(2):121-33.

Ellershaw JE, Sutcliffe JM, Saunders CM. Dehydration and the dying patient. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995 Apr;10(3):192-7.

Emanuel LL, Barry MJ, Stoeckle JD, Ettelson LM, Emanuel EJ. Advance directives for medical care--a case for greater use. N Engl J Med. 1991 Mar 28;324(13):889-95.

Evans DA, Funkenstein HH, Albert MS, Scherr PA, Cook NR, Chow MJ, Herbert LE, Hennekens CH, Taylor JO. Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease in a Community Population of Older Persons: Higher Than Previously Reported, JAMA, Vol. 262, 1989, pp. 2661–2556.

Fagerlin A, Ditto PH, Danks JH, Houts RM, Smucker WD. “Projection in Surrogate Decisions about Life-Sustaining Medical Treatments,” Health Psychology 20, no. 3 (2001): 166-75.

Fagerlin A, Schneider CE. Enough. The failure of the living will. Hastings Cent Rep. 2004 Mar-Apr; 34(2):30-42.

Fleck LH. Rationing: Triage for Our Country. Insight on the News. 1994 Mar 24; 10(12): 22.

Finucane TE, Christmas C, Travis K. Tube feeding in patients with advanced dementia: a review of evidence. JAMA. 1999;282:1365­1370.

Fried TR, Bradley EH, Towle VR, Allore H. Understanding the treatment preferences of seriously ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2002 Apr 4;346(14):1061-6.

Furlong v. Catholic Healthcare West (St. John's Regional Medical Center). Ventura County Superior Court; Case number B172067; Cal. App. Unpub. LEXIS 11667. Filed Dec. 22, 2004; Ca Supreme Court denied review and publication on March 23, 2005.

Ganzini L, Goy ER, Miller LL, Harvath TA, Jackson A, Delorit MA.
Nurses’ Experiences with Hospice Patients Who Refuse Food and Fluids to Hasten Death. N. Engl. J. Med. July 24, 2003; 349(4): 359 - 365.

Ganzini L, Harvath TA, Jackson A, Goy ER, Miller LL, Delorit MA. Experiences of Oregon nurses and social workers with hospice patients who requested assistance with suicide. N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 22;347(8):582-8.

Gert B, Bernat JL, Mogielnicki RP. Physician involvement in voluntary stopping of eating and drinking. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Dec 17;137(12):1010-1; reply 1010-1.

Giacino JT, Ashwal S, Childs N, Cranford R, Jennett B, Katz DI, Kelly JP, Rosenberg JH, Whyte J, Zafonte RD, Zasler ND. The minimally conscious state: definition and diagnostic criteria. Neurology. 2002 Feb 12;58(3):349-53.

Gill–Thwaites H, Munday R. The Sensory Modality Assessment and Rehabilitation Technique (SMART). A valid and reliable assessment for vegetative state and minimally conscious state patients. Brain Injury. 2004;18(12) 1255-1269.

Gillick, MR. Artificial nutrition and hydration in the patient with advanced dementia: is withholding treatment compatible with traditional Judaism? J Med Ethics. 2001 Feb;27(1):12-5.

Gillick MR. Rethinking the role of tube feeding in patients with advanced dementia. N Engl J Med. 1999;342: 206­10.

Gillick MR. Terminal sedation: an acceptable exit strategy? Ann Intern Med. 2004 Aug 3;141(3):236-7.

Gjerdingen DK, Neff JA, Wang M, Chaloner K. Older persons' opinions about life-sustaining procedures in the face of dementia. Arch Fam Med. 1999 Sep-Oct;8(5):421-5.

Goodnough, Abby. Gov. Bush Seeks Another Inquiry in Schiavo Case, New York Times. National. June 18, 2005.

Graham, J. Chicago Tribune 4-29-2005 Page 79

Hamel R, Panicola M. Must We Preserve Life? America Magazine. (americamagazine.org), April 19, 2004.190 (14).

Hanrahan P, Luchins DJ. Access to Hospice Programs in End-Stage Dementia: A Natural Survey of Hospice Programs. Journal for the American Geriatric Assoc. 1995; 43: 56-59.

Hardin SB, Yusufaly YA. Difficult end-of-life treatment decisions: do other factors trump advance directives? Arch Intern Med. 2004 Jul 26;164(14):1531-3.

Hart DJ, Craig D, Compton SA, Critchlow S, Kerrigan BM, McIlroy SP, Passmore AP. A retrospective study of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of mid and late phase Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003 Nov;18(11):1037-42.

Harvath TA, Miller LL, Goy E, Jackson A, Delorit M, Ganzini L. Voluntary refusal of food and fluids: attitudes of Oregon hospice nurses and social workers.
Int J Palliat Nurs. 2004 May;10(5):236-41; discussion 242-3.

Harvey, J. 2005. click here

Hastings Center Report. Ethical and Policy Issues in Rehabilitation Medicine. August 1987.

Hawkins NA, Ditto PH, Danks JH, Smucker WD. Micromanaging death: process preferences, values, and goals in end-of-life medical decision making. Gerontologist. 2005 Feb;45(1):107-17.

Healy S, McNamara E. Tube feeding controversial patients: what do dietitians think? J Hum Nutrition Diet. 2002 Dec;15(6):445-53.

Hoefler JM. Managing Death. Westview Press. Bolder, Co. 1997. (Especially pages 90-91, 93, 95.

Humphry D. Final Exit (Third Edition): The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying. Delta/Dell/Random House. 2002.

Jacobs S. Death by Voluntary Dehydration – What the Caregivers Say. NEJM. 2003; 349 (4): 325-6.

Jansen LA, Sulmasy DP. Sedation, alimentation, hydration, and equivocation: careful conversation about care at the end of life. Ann Intern Med. 2002; 136: 845-849. Responses to letters from Charles G. Sasser, M.D., Timothy E. Quill, M.D., Paul Rousseau, M.D., and one from Bernard Gert, PhD, James L. Bernat, M.D., R. Peter Mogielnicki, M.D.

Jennett B. The vegetative state. Journal of Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 73: 355–356.
Jacoby MB, Sullivan TA, Warren E. 2001. Rethinking the debates over health care financing: evidence from the bankruptcy courts. New York University law Rev. 76:375-418.

Kapp MB. Regulating the foregoing of artificial nutrition and hydration: first, do some harm. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002 Mar; 50(3):586-8.

Kennedy P, Andreason D. Using human extra-cortical local field potentials to control a switch. Journal of Neurology. Eng. 2004; 1: 72-77.

Kirschner KL. When written advance directives are not enough. Clin Geriatr Med. 2005 Feb;21(1):193-209.

Kisken T. Ventura County Star, 2004, September 12, 2004. click here

Koopmans RT, Ekkerink JL, van Weel C. Survival to late dementia in Dutch nursing home patients. J Am Geriatric Society. 2003 Feb;51(2):184-7.

Krakauer J. Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith. Doubleday, New York, 2003.

Kunz R. Palliative care for patients with advanced dementia: Evidence-based practice replaced by values-based practice. Z Gerontol Geriatric. 2003 Oct;36(5):355-9.

Landers A. “Doctors Can't Remove Feeding Tube.” Harrisburg Patriot. November 11, 1995.

Lacey, D. Tube feeding in advanced Alzheimer's disease: when language misleads. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2004 Mar-Apr;19(2):125-7.

Lanuke K, Fainsinger RL, DeMoissac D. Hydration management at the end of life. J Palliat Med. 2004 Apr; 7(2):257-63.

Li I. Feeding tubes in patients with severe dementia. American Family Physician. 2002 Apr 15;65(8):1605-10, 1515.

Limprecht, E. “GPs paid peanuts for date.” Australian Doctor, Nov. 19, 2004.

Lowey EH. Terminal sedation, self-starvation, and orchestrating the end of life. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161: 329-332.

Lynn J. Handbook for Mortals: Guidance for People Facing Serious Illness. Oxford University Press. 1999; Pg 131.

Lynn L. By No Extraordinary Means: The Choice to Forgo Life-Sustaining Food & Water, Indiana University Press. 1986

Lynn L and Adamson DM. Living Well at the End of Life. Adapting Health Care to Serious Chronic Illness in Old Age. White paper. click here

Machulda MM, Ward HA, Borowski B, Gunter JL, Cha RH, O'Brien PC, Petersen RC, Boeve BF, Knopman D, Tang-Wai DF, Ivnik RJ, Smith GE, Tangalos EG, Jack CR Jr. Comparison of memory fMRI response among normal, MCI, and Alzheimer's patients. Neurology. 2003 Aug 26;61(4):500-6.

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McIntyre A, Zalta E. "Doctrine of Double Effect", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2004 Edition) Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica (II-II, Qu. 64, Art.6) click here

McNamara EP, Kennedy NP. Tube feeding patients with advanced dementia: an ethical dilemma. Proc Nutr Soc. 2001 May;60(2):179-85.

Mehta, Sanjay. This article was sent to me as an e-mail attachment in early 2005 without further indication of if, or where, it was published.

Meier DE, Ahronheim JC, Morris J, Baskin-Lyons S, Morrison RS. High short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with advanced dementia: lack of benefit of tube feeding. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Feb 26;161(4):594-9.

Miller FG, Meier DE. Voluntary death: a comparison of terminal dehydration and physician-assisted suicide. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Apr 1;128(7):559-62.

Miller LL, Harvath TA, Ganzini L, Goy ER, Delorit MA, Jackson A. Attitudes and experiences of Oregon hospice nurses and social workers regarding assisted suicide.
Palliat Med. 2004 Dec;18(8):685-91.

Mitchell SL, Buchanan JL, Littlehale S, Hamel MB. Tube-feeding versus hand-feeding nursing home residents with advanced dementia: a cost comparison. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2004 Mar-Apr;5(2 Suppl):S22-9.

Mitchell SL, Teno JM, Roy J, Kabumoto G, Mor V. Clinical and organizational factors associated with feeding tube use among nursing home residents with advanced cognitive impairment. JAMA. 2003 Jul 2;290(1):73-80.

Monmaney T. “Doctors Often Unaware of Living Wills, Study Finds; Medicine: L.A. Times Home Edition, August 9, 1995: A-3.

Mower WR, Baraff LJ. Advance directives. Effect of type of directive on physicians' therapeutic decisions. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Feb 8;153(3):375-81.

Murphy LM, Lipman TO. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy does not prolong survival in patients with dementia. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jun 9;163(11):1351-3.

Nuland, SW. How We Die. Reflections on Life’s Final Chapter. Vintage, New York. 1994.
Paris JJ. The six million dollar woman. Conn Med . 1981; 45: 720–721

Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-508, §4206, 4751, 104 Stat. 1388 (1990).

Pope John Paul II, Speech, Life-Sustaining Treatments and Vegetative State: Scientific Advances and Ethical Dilemmas (World Federation of Catholic Medical Associations and Pontifical Academy for Life Congress, March 20, 2004) click here

Post SG. Tube Feeding and Advanced Progressive Dementia. Hastings Center Report. 2001; 31(1): 36-42.

www.practicalbioethics.org/SI_22.pdf. Examining New Knowledge and Controversies about Serious Disorders of Consciousness. State Initiatives in End of Life Care published by the Center for Practical Bioethics, Midwest Bioethics Center, 2004

Prendergast TJ, Luce JM. Increasing incidence of withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Med 1997; 155: 15-20.
Priefer BA, Robbins J. Eating changes in mild-stage Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. Dysphagia. 1997 Fall;12(4):212-21.

Printz LA. Terminal dehydration, a compassionate treatment. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:697-700.

Quill TE, Byock IR. Responding to intractable terminal suffering: the role of terminal sedation and voluntary refusal of food and fluids. ACP-ASIM End-of-Life Care Consensus Panel. American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Mar 7;132(5):408-14.

Quill TE, Byock IR, Nunn S. Palliative Treatments of Last Resort: Choosing the Least Harmful Alternative. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Mar 21;132(6):488-93.

Reiman EM, Caselli R, Chen K, Alexander GE, Bandy D, Frost J. Declining brain activity in cognitively normal apolipoprotein E4 heterozygotes: A foundation for using positron emission tomography to efficiently test treatments to prevent Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2001; 98: 3334-3339.

Reimana EM, Chena K, Alexander GE, Casellid RJ, Bandya D, Osborned D, Saundersk AM, Hardym J. Functional brain abnormalities in young adults at genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s dementia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101 Jan. 2004; 1284–1289.

Repenshek, Slosar. Medically assisted nutrition and hydration: A contribution to the dialog, Hastings Center Report. 2004; 34 (6): 13-16.

Rinpoche S. The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying. Harper San Francisco, 1993.

Rousseau P. Careful Conversation about Care at the End of Life. Ann Intern Med. December 17, 2002; 137(12): 1009 – 1010.

Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability, Coma, Vegetative State and Minimally Conscious State click here

Schiff ND, Rodriguez-Moreno D, Kamal A, Kim KH, Giacino JT, Plum F, Hirsch J. fMRI reveals large-scale network activation in minimally conscious patients. Neurology. 2005 Feb 8;64(3):514-23.

Schneiderman LJ, Gilmer T, Teetzel HD, Dugan DO, Blustein J, Cranford R, Briggs KB, Komatsu GI, Goodman-Crews P, Cohn F, Young EW. Effect of ethics consultations on nonbeneficial life-sustaining treatments in the intensive care setting: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 Sep 3;290(9):1166-72.

Schulz R, Mendelsohn AB, Haley WE, Mahoney D, Allen RS, Zhang S, Thompson L, Belle SH. Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health Investigators. End-of-life care and the effects of bereavement on family caregivers of persons with dementia. N England J Med. 2003 Nov 13; 349(20):1936-42.

Shannon TA, Walter JJ. Implications of the Papal Allocution on Feeding Tubes. Hastings Center Report. 2004; 34 (4): 18-20.

Sieger CE, Arnold JF, and Ahronheim JC. Refusing artificial nutrition and hydration: does statutory law send the wrong message? J Am Geriatric Society. 2002 Mar; 50(3):544-50.

Simmons PD. “Religious Beliefs and Healthcare Decision: The Southern Baptist Tradition” in Religious Traditions and Healthcare Decisions. Chicago: Park Ridge Center. 2003.

Slome LR, Mitchell TF, Charlebois E, Benevedes JM, Abrams DI. Physician-assisted suicide and patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. N Engl J Med. 1997 Feb 6;336(6):417-21.

Soylent Green. 1973. Warner Home Video, 2005. A futuristic movie in which there is no more room for mankind and the experience of euthanasia – provided one gets the long version – serves an inducement for Edward G. Robinson’s last scene.

Smith W. Culture of Death: The Assault on Medical Ethics in America. Encounter Books. San Francisco. 2002.

Smith WJ. Waking from the Dead; First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life, No. 136, October 2003.

Smith WJ. The English Patient, U.K. Weekly Standard, May 24, 2005. click here

Somogyi-Zalud E, Likourezos A, Chichin E, Olson E. Surrogate decision makers' attitudes towards tube feeding in the nursing home. Arch Gerontol Geriatric. 2001 Mar;32(2):101-111.

Straw G, Cummins R. AARP North Carolina End of Life Care Survey. 2003. view pdf

Sulmasy, DP responses to letter. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Oct 3;133(7):560-566.

Sunshine, E. Truncating Catholic tradition. Florida bishops avoid full consideration of ethical issues in Schiavo case. National Catholic Reporter, April 8, 2005. click here

Terman SA. Determining the decision-making capacity of a patient who refused food and water. Palliative Medicine. 2001; 15: 55-60.

Terman SA. Evaluating decision-making capacity in a psychotic breast cancer patient. Primary Care and Cancer. June 2001; 6: 45-48.

Terman SA. Healing from Bedside Harp Playing – A Psychiatrist’s Perspective. The Harp Therapy Journal, Summer 1999.

Terman SA. Kevorkian Pushed the Wrong Envelope. San Diego Physician. The County Medical Society Journal. February 1999;10 & 15.

Terman SA. “Learning from the Judgments of Kevorkian”. San Diego Union-Tribune. April 1, 1999; B-11.

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Thompson T, Barbour R, Schwartz L. Adherence to advance directives in critical care decision making: vignette study. BMJ. 2003 Nov 1;327(7422):1011.

Tolle SW, Tilden VR, Drach LL, Fromme EK, Perrin NA, Hedberg K. Characteristics and proportion of dying Oregonians who personally consider physician-assisted suicide. J Clin Ethics. 2004 Summer;15(2):111-8.

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Von Gunten, CF. The end of life. Values and principles should guide decision-making. San Diego Union Tribute. March 25, 2005, B7.

Waldenberg: Responsa Tzitz Eliezer, vol. 5, Sepher Ramat Rachel, supra, at 28:5; see also Dr. Avraham Steinberg, “The Terminally Ill Patient,” The First International Colloquium, Medical Ethics and Jewish Law. 1993. p. 315.

Waller A, Hershkowitz M, Adunsky A. The effect of intravenous fluid infusion on blood and urine parameters of hydration and on state of consciousness in terminal cancer patients. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 1994 Nov-Dec;11(6):22-7.

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Weissman DE, Block S. “ACGME Requirements for End-of-life Training in Selected Residency and Fellowship Programs: A Status Report,” Academic Medicine. April 2002; 77(4): 299-304.

Weller, B. Very Much Alive and Responsive (Jan. 5, 2005). click here

Conservatorship of the Person of ROBERT WENDLAND, S087265, 28 P.3 d 151; 2001.

Westley D. When It’s Right to Die – Conflicting Voices, Difficult Choices. Twenty-Third Publications, Mystic Conn., 1995.

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Zamrini E, De Santi S, Tolar M. Imaging is superior to cognitive testing for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2004 May-Jun;25(5):685-91.




 
     
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